[46], Hamilton was forced to discontinue his studies before graduating when the college closed its doors during British occupation of the city. Hamilton then published a 100-page booklet, later usually referred to as the Reynolds Pamphlet, and discussed the affair in exquisite detail. Both sides gained the support of local political factions, and each side developed its own partisan newspapers. Alexander Hamilton had a rocky start to life. In 1777, the statesmen of the grants declared it a separate state to be called Vermont, and by early 1778, had erected a state government. [195], Jefferson had beaten Adams, but both he and Aaron Burr, had received 73 votes in the Electoral College (Adams finished in third place, Pinckney in fourth, and Jay received one vote). [212], Vice President Burr shot Hamilton, delivering what proved to be a fatal wound. He handled letters to Congress, state governors, and the most powerful generals of the Continental Army; he drafted many of Washington's orders and letters at the latter's direction; he eventually issued orders from Washington over Hamilton's own signature. [119] He thought that this plan for a National Bank could help in any sort of financial crisis. Hamilton exhibited a degree of respect for Jews that was described by Chernow as "a life-long reverence. [1] If 1757 is correct, the single probate document indicating a birth year of 1755 may have simply included an error, or Hamilton might once have given his age as 13 after his mother's death in an attempt to appear older and more employable. Washington demurred, citing the need to appoint men of higher rank. He worked to create a strong U.S. government. [248], Opinions of Hamilton have run the gamut as both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson viewed him as unprincipled and dangerously aristocratic. [112] The sources that Hamilton used ranged from Frenchmen such as Jacques Necker and Montesquieu to British writers such as Hume, Hobbes, and Malachy Postlethwayt. In May 1792, the directors decided to scope out The Passaic Falls. [235]:316 After 1801, Hamilton further attested his belief in Christianity, proposing a Christian Constitutional Society in 1802 to take hold of "some strong feeling of the mind" to elect "fit men" to office, and advocating "Christian welfare societies" for the poor. Biographer Forrest McDonald argues that Hamilton saw his office, like that of the British first lord of the treasury, as the equivalent of a prime minister. In Washington, D.C., the south terrace of the Treasury Building features a statue of Hamilton by James Earle Fraser, which was dedicated on May 17, 1923. [216], The paralyzed Hamilton was immediately attended by the same surgeon who tended Phillip Hamilton, and ferried to the Greenwich Village boarding house of his friend William Bayard Jr., who had been waiting on the dock. [34][35] In 1773, in preparation for college work, Hamilton began to fill gaps in his education at the Elizabethtown Academy, a preparatory school run by Francis Barber in Elizabethtown, New Jersey. He argued that liberty and property security were inseparable and that the government should honor the contracts, as they formed the basis of public and private morality. She was rich, he was poor. Long dissatisfied with the Articles of Confederation as too weak to be effective, he played a major leadership role at the Annapolis Convention in 1786. Congress rejected the proposal. [90] When the British left New York in 1783, he practiced there in partnership with Richard Harison. On July 4, 1792, the society directors met Philip Schuyler at Abraham Godwin's hotel on the Passaic River, where they would lead a tour prospecting the area for the national manufactory. There was to be a ten-dollar Gold Eagle coin, a silver dollar, and fractional money ranging from one-half to fifty cents. "; Quotes on the Christian Constitutional Society are from Hamilton's letter to James A. Bayard of April 1802, quoted by Adair and Harvey. Hamilton was born out of wedlock in Charlestown, Nevis. [221], While Hamilton was stationed in Morristown, New Jersey, in the winter of December 1779 – March 1780, he met Elizabeth Schuyler, a daughter of General Philip Schuyler and Catherine Van Rensselaer. The Republicans saw monarchist Britain as the main threat to republicanism and proposed instead to start a trade war. [119] He also used American records from James Wilson, Pelatiah Webster, Gouverneur Morris, and from his assistant treasury secretary Tench Coxe. [94]:366–69 Hamilton retrieved her address and delivered her $30 personally at her boarding house where she led him into her bedroom and "Some conversation ensued from which it was quickly apparent that other than pecuniary consolation would be acceptable". [103][104] Hamilton's arguments used for the ratifications were largely iterations of work from The Federalist Papers, and Smith eventually went for ratification, though it was more out of necessity than Hamilton's rhetoric. [282] His ideas and work influenced the 18th century German economist Friedrich List,[283] and Abraham Lincoln's chief economic advisor Henry C. Carey, among others. [129] This innovation was originally suggested by Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris, with whom Hamilton corresponded after examining one of Morris's Nova Constellatio coins in 1783. Hamilton had attempted to appease the opposition with lowered tax rates, but it did not suffice. Hamilton's wife Elizabeth eventually forgave him, but not Monroe. [227][228] Hamilton also maintained a correspondence with Elizabeth's younger sister Margarita, nicknamed Peggy, who was the recipient of his first letters praising her sister Elizabeth at the time of his courtship in early 1780. During the period, the resources that Hamilton was to apply to the payment of state debts was requested by Alexander White, and was rejected due to Hamilton's not being able to prepare information by March 3, and was even postponed by his own supporters in spite of configuring a report the next day (which consisted of a series of additional duties to meet the interest on the state debts). The Treaty resolved issues remaining from the Revolution, averted war, and made possible ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain. Alexander Hamilton was born in Charlestown, the capital of Nevis in the British West Indies. He first used the popularity of the Constitution by the masses to compel George Clinton to sign, but was unsuccessful. [52]:353[94]:401 Nevertheless, Burr would become Vice President of the United States. It kept that decision secret, but Hamilton revealed it in private to George Hammond, the British minister to the United States, without telling Jay or anyone else. In the end the blackmail payments totaled over $1,300 including the initial extortion. [159], When France and Britain went to war in early 1793, all four members of the Cabinet were consulted on what to do. A probate paper from St. Croix in 1768, drafted after the death of Hamilton's mother, listed him as 13 years old, which has caused some historians since the 1930s to favor a birth year of 1755. Adair and Harvey, "Christian Statesman? He was an influential interpreter and promoter of the U.S. Constitution, as well as the founder of the nation's financial system, the Federalist Party, the United States Coast Guard, and the New York Post newspaper. [52]:352[94]:401 The Federalists rejected Hamilton's diatribe as reasons to not vote for Burr. Rachel was caught in an abusive marriage to John Lavien before she fled him and began her affair with James, the son of a Scottish Lord. In this draft, the Senate was to be elected in proportion to the population, being two-fifths the size of the House, and the President and Senators were to be elected through complex multistage elections, in which chosen electors would elect smaller bodies of electors; they would hold office for life, but were removable for misconduct. Syrett, Harold C., Jacob E. Cooke, and Barbara Chernow, eds. The officers had three demands: the Army's pay, their own pensions, and commutation of those pensions into a lump-sum payment if Congress were unable to afford the half-salary pensions for life. [234], Stories were circulated that Hamilton had made two quips about God at the time of the Constitutional Convention in 1787. This continued until early July 1781, when Hamilton submitted a letter to Washington with his commission enclosed, "thus tacitly threatening to resign if he didn't get his desired command. Syrett, p. III:117; for a one-year term beginning the "first Monday in November next", arrived in Philadelphia between November 18 and 25, and resigned July 1783. One of the heroic figures of American independence was born on the island of Nevis in the British West Indies in 1755 or 1757. [150] In spite of Hamilton's efforts to mend the disaster, the company folded. Alexander Hamilton campaigned for manumission – slave-owners voluntarily freeing their slaves – but he was not an abolitionist. The May 1800 election chose the New York legislature, which would in turn choose electors; Burr had won this by making it a referendum on the presidency, and by persuading better-qualified candidates to run, who declared their candidacy only after the Federalists had announced their ticket. [199], Soon after the 1804 gubernatorial election in New York—in which Morgan Lewis, greatly assisted by Hamilton, defeated Aaron Burr—the Albany Register published Charles D. Cooper's letters, citing Hamilton's opposition to Burr and alleging that Hamilton had expressed "a still more despicable opinion" of the Vice President at an upstate New York dinner party. In 1787 through 1789, Hamilton exchanged letters with Nathaniel Chipman, a lawyer representing Vermont. The paternal lineage of American founding father Alexander Hamilton was rooted in Scotland, where his relations were landed gentry known as the Hamiltons of Grange. [85] After the crisis had ended, Washington warned of the dangers of using the army as leverage to gain support for the national funding plan. [52]:350–51 Hamilton expected to see southern states such as the Carolinas cast their votes for Pinckney and Jefferson, and would result in the former being ahead of both Adams and Jefferson. [83][84] Washington wrote Hamilton back, declining to introduce the army. Hamilton's public relations campaign attacked the French minister Edmond-Charles Genêt (he called himself "Citizen Genêt") who tried to appeal to voters directly, which Federalists denounced as foreign interference in American affairs. They denounced Hamilton as insufficiently devoted to republicanism, too friendly toward corrupt Britain and toward monarchy in general, and too oriented toward cities, business and banking. The Ohio resident says he has represented the Hamilton family … He was the first secretary of the treasury. After being shot, Hamilton spoke of his belief in God's mercy. According to Gordon Wood, Hamilton dropped his youthful religiosity during the Revolution and became "a conventional liberal with theistic inclinations who was an irregular churchgoer at best"; however, he returned to religion in his last years. [278]:17 Later, as a youth in St. Croix, Hamilton worked for a company trading in commodities that included slaves. [41][42], Church of England clergyman Samuel Seabury published a series of pamphlets promoting the Loyalist cause in 1774, to which Hamilton responded anonymously with his first political writings, A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress and The Farmer Refuted. This draft had most of the features of the actual Constitution. [94]:195, Early in the Convention Hamilton made a speech proposing a President-for-Life; it had no effect upon the deliberations of the convention. [132][135] Each of those cutters was to be armed with ten muskets and bayonets, twenty pistols, two chisels, one broad-ax and two lanterns. [103], Members of Hamilton's faction were against any conditional ratification, under the impression that New York would not be accepted into the Union, while Clinton's faction wanted to amend the Constitution, while maintaining the state's right to secede if their attempts failed. The president of the Continental Congress, John Dickinson, feared that the Pennsylvania state militia was unreliable, and refused its help. [226], Hamilton was also close to Elizabeth's sisters. [246], On the other hand, Jefferson took a stricter view of the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton grew up in a family characterized by financial hardship, marital discord and bitter separations, public humiliations, parental death and abandonment. After an initial setback, Washington rallied the American troops and led them in a successful charge against the British forces. [148], Hamilton's vision was challenged by Virginia agrarians Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who formed a rival party, the Jeffersonian Republican party. According to Hamilton's recount, Maria approached him at his house in Philadelphia, claiming that her husband, James Reynolds, had abandoned her and she wished to return to her relatives in New York but lacked the means. [257], The Grange is the only home Alexander Hamilton ever owned. Alexander Hamilton was born 11 January 1755 in Charlestown on the island of Nevis in the British West Indies. [note 5], On his deathbed, Hamilton asked the Episcopal Bishop of New York, Benjamin Moore, to give him holy communion. [132] Congress established the Revenue Cutter Service on August 4, 1790, which is viewed as the birth of the United States Coast Guard. Hamilton also appears on the $500 Series EE Savings Bond. [237] Bishop Moore returned the next morning, stayed with Hamilton for several hours until his death, and conducted the funeral service at Trinity Church. [278], At a time when most white leaders doubted the capacity of blacks, Hamilton believed slavery was morally wrong and wrote that "their natural faculties are as good as ours. As a child, Alexander experienced ongoing tragedy, adversity and hardship. Alexander McDougall. [94]:263 Thomas Jefferson wrote years afterward that Hamilton had a discussion with him, around this time period, about the capital of the United States being relocated to Virginia by mean of a "pill" that "would be peculiarly bitter to the Southern States, and that some concomitant measure should be adopted to sweeten it a little to them". At the Battle of Trenton, it was stationed at the high point of town, the meeting of the present Warren and Broad streets, to keep the Hessians pinned in the Trenton Barracks. [39] His college roommate and lifelong friend Robert Troup spoke glowingly of Hamilton's clarity in concisely explaining the patriots' case against the British in what is credited as Hamilton's first public appearance, on July 6, 1774, at the Liberty Pole at King's College. [187] The eventual program included a Stamp Act like that of the British before the Revolution and other taxes on land, houses, and slaves, calculated at different rates in different states, and requiring difficult and intricate assessment of houses. He repeatedly asked Washington and others for a field command. [141], Hamilton's next report was his Report on Manufactures. [3][6], Fifth generation (great-great-grandchildren), "How the Mennonites Brought the Aristocracy to Harper County: The Hamilton Stories", Senior Officer of the United States Army, 1799–1800, Delegate, Congress of the Confederation, 1782–1783, 1788–1789, "Report on a Plan for the Further Support of Public Credit", Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, Advisor, George Washington's Farewell Address, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamilton_family&oldid=1013923141, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Alma Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton (1877–1878), Alexander Schuyler Hamilton III (1886–1914), Alexander Hamilton (b. In later life, he tended to give his age only in round figures. Hamilton wrote: One of the first subjects of deliberation with the new Congress will be the independence of Kentucky [at that time still a part of Virginia], for which the southern states will be anxious. [94]:191[95] Even though Hamilton had been a leader in calling for a new Constitutional Convention, his direct influence at the Convention itself was quite limited. "[11] Thereafter, Rachel moved with her two children to St. Croix, where she supported them by keeping a small store in Christiansted. Elizabeth and Alexander Hamilton were married on December 14, 1780, at the Schuyler Mansion in Albany, New York. Alexander Hamilton was born out of wedlock in Charlestown, the capital of the island of Nevis, in British West Indies. He came under the influence of William Livingston, a local leading intellectual and revolutionary, with whom he lived for a time. Trees, Andrew S., "The Importance of Being Alexander Hamilton". He and Rachel Faucette (who was of English and French descent), became the parents, out of wedlock, of Alexander Hamilton and his older brother James Hamilton Jr. Alexander Hamilton moved in October 1772 to the Thirteen Colonies (later the United States) to earn an education. Ethan Allen's militia called the Green Mountain Boys, noted for successes in the war against the British in 1775, was originally formed for the purpose of resisting the colonial government of New York. [176], Over the course of that year, while the affair took place, James Reynolds was well aware of his wife's unfaithfulness. The mob arrived in Philadelphia, and the soldiers proceeded to harangue Congress for their pay. He helped ratify the Constitution by writing 51 of the 85 installments of The Federalist Papers, which are still used as one of the most important references for Constitutional interpretation. [94]:270 Madison and Jefferson also opposed the bank bill. During his lifetime he was even rumored to have had an affair with his wife's older sister, Angelica, who, three years before Hamilton's marriage to Elizabeth, had eloped with John Barker Church, an Englishman who made a fortune in North America during the Revolution and later returned to Europe with his wife and children between 1783 and 1797. [245] As Secretary of the Treasury, he established—against the intense opposition of Secretary of State Jefferson—the country's first de facto central bank. Furthermore, after Valley Forge, the Continental officers had been promised in May 1778 a pension of half their pay when they were discharged. [52]:233[94]:276, Hamilton argued that developing an industrial economy is impossible without protective tariffs. The three-cent red commemorative issue, which was released on the 200th anniversary of Hamilton's birth in 1957, includes a rendition of the Federal Hall building, located in New York City. The northern will be glad to find a counterpoise in Vermont. It selectively includes notable descendants of Alexander and Eliza Hamilton. [158], An additional partisan irritant to Hamilton was the 1791 United States Senate election in New York, which resulted in the election of Democratic-Republican candidate Aaron Burr, previously the New York state attorney general, over Senator Philip Schuyler, the Federalist incumbent and Hamilton's father-in-law. [120], Hamilton suggested that Congress should charter the National Bank with a capitalization of $10 million, one-fifth of which would be handled by the government. [116]:305[94]:255, The fight for the national government to assume state debt was a longer issue, and lasted over four months. Hamilton's views became the basis for the Federalist Party, which was opposed to the Democratic-Republican Party led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. 9 and No. [58] He declined these invitations, believing his best chance for improving his station in life was glory on the battlefield. In 1788, the new Constitution of the United States went into effect, with its plan to replace the unicameral Continental Congress with a new Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Rhode Island again opposed these provisions, and Hamilton's robust assertions of national prerogatives in his previous letter were widely held to be excessive. Alexander Hamilton was a fighter. [176][181], In November 1792, James Reynolds and his associate Jacob Clingman were arrested for counterfeiting and speculating in Revolutionary War veterans' unpaid back wages. In comparison to other Founding Fathers, Hamilton attracted relatively little attention in American popular culture in the 20th century,[292] apart from his portrait on the $10 bill. [73] Hamilton was appointed in July 1782 to the Congress of the Confederation as a New York representative for the term beginning in November 1782. Washington to Hamilton, March 4 and March 12, 1783; Kohn; Martin and Lender, pp. William Maclay suspected that several congressmen were involved in government securities, seeing Congress in an unholy league with New York speculators. He passed the bar in July after six months of self-directed education. Hamilton influenced Washington in the composition of his farewell address by writing drafts for Washington to compare with the latter's draft, although when Washington contemplated retirement in 1792, he had consulted James Madison for a draft that was used in a similar manner to Hamilton's. [204], Before the duel, Hamilton wrote an explanation of his decision to duel while at the same time intending to "throw away" his shot. [18] Hamilton and Faucette moved together to Nevis, her birthplace, where she had inherited a seaside lot in town from her father. [116]:305 The compromise was seen as egregious to both Hamiltonians and their dissidents such as Maclay, and Madison's vote was defeated 36 votes to 13 on February 22. [137][138] The taxation rate was graduated in proportion to the whiskey proof, and Hamilton intended to equalize the tax burden on imported spirits with imported and domestic liquor. He had four siblings: two elder sisters, Elizabeth "Eliza" Hamilton and Frances "Fanny" Hamilton, and two younger sisters, Mary Morris Hamilton and Angelica Hamilton. [204] Such affairs were often concluded prior to reaching their final stage, a duel. His vision included a strong central government led by a vigorous executive branch, a strong commercial economy, government-controlled banks, support for manufacturing, and a strong military. They received "individual tutoring"[1] and classes in a private school led by a Jewish headmistress. [48] Hamilton was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1791.[49]. The historic structure, now designated as the Hamilton Grange National Memorial, was restored to its original 1802 appearance in 2011,[259] and is maintained by the National Park Service. His act remained unknown until Hammond's dispatches were read in the 1920s. Alexander Hamilton was one of the youngest and brightest of the founders of the United States. When he reached his teens, he was sent to New York to pursue his education. [113], The last portion of the report dealt with eliminating the debt by utilizing a sinking fund that would retire five percent of the debt annually until it was paid off. 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